history Flashcards

Elizabeth's main advisory body, including key figures like William Cecil and Francis Walsingham.

Local landowners appointed to maintain law and order, oversee administration, and enforce laws.

Officials governing counties, responsible for organising militias and upholding the Queen's authority.

Re-established the monarch as 'Supreme Governor' of the Church of England.

Standardised church services and introduced the Book of Common Prayer.

Confidence, resilience, education, and political knowledge gained under Mary I.

Young age, Protestant legitimacy questioned by Catholics, and crown debt (£300,000).

Puritans objected to clerical clothing, leading to 37 priests losing their posts.

Elizabeth wanted crucifixes in churches, but Puritans threatened to resign, forcing her to back down.

Catholic nobility, Pope's excommunication (1570), and the Counter-Reformation increased risks.

Mary fled to England after being forced to abdicate in Scotland, seeking Elizabeth's protection.

A Catholic plot to assassinate Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne, leading to Mary's execution.

A plan involving Spain and the Pope to replace Elizabeth with Mary, discovered by Walsingham.

A Catholic plot involving French forces to overthrow Elizabeth, uncovered by Walsingham's spy network.

Elizabeth reluctantly signed Mary's death warrant after evidence of her involvement in plots.

Philip II wanted to restore Catholicism, retaliate for English piracy, and support Catholic plots.

Philip planned to invade England by joining forces with the Duke of Parma's army in the Netherlands.

Use of fireships, smaller and faster ships, and skilled naval leadership under Drake and Howard.

Poor planning, bad weather, English naval superiority, and lack of coordination with Parma.

Elizabeth agreed to support Dutch rebels against Spanish rule, worsening relations with Spain.

Drake's raids on Spanish ports and ships, including the Cadiz raid ('Singeing the King of Spain's beard').

Used speeches and portraits to present herself as a strong, divine ruler, e.g., Tilbury speech (1588).

Desire for wealth, new trade routes, spreading Protestantism, and rivalry with Spain.

Improved ship design, navigation tools like the astrolabe, and more accurate maps.

Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world, boosting England's prestige.

Elizabethan sailors attacked Spanish ships and ports to steal gold and silver, e.g., Drake's raids.

Granted a royal charter to establish colonies in North America, leading to the Roanoke expeditions.

England's first attempt at colonisation in America, which mysteriously failed.

Increased wealth, expansion of trade, and the beginning of England's empire-building.

English privateering and colonisation angered Spain, contributing to the Armada.

Elizabethan explorers, like John Hawkins, were involved in the transatlantic slave trade.

New goods like tobacco and sugar boosted England's economy and trade networks.