By Revision Genie
Cells, Living Processes and Biodiversity
Unit 1
Using a Light Microscope
Structure of Animal Cells
Structure of Plant Cells
Structure of Bacterial Cells
Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms
Photosynthesis Overview
Word Equation for Photosynthesis
Balanced Equation for Photosynthesis
Investigating Photosynthesis with Starch Tests
Role of Light, CO2, and Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis
Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
Gas Exchange in Plants
Hydrogencarbonate Indicator and CO2 Levels
Structure of a Mesophytic Leaf
Adaptations for Gas Exchange in Leaves
Adaptations for Light Absorption in Leaves
Food Groups and Their Functions
Testing for Reducing Sugars
Testing for Starch
Testing for Proteins
Testing for Fats
Investigating Energy Content in Food
Role of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
Lock and Key Model of Enzyme Action
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzyme Concentration and Inhibitors
Enzymes in Digestion
Adaptations of Respiratory Surfaces
Effect of Exercise on Breathing
Aerobic Respiration Overview
Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration
Balanced Equation for Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration in Mammals
Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast
Investigating Respiration in Yeast
Nervous System vs Hormonal Communication
Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System
Voluntary vs Reflex Actions
Pathway of a Reflex Arc
Importance of Homeostasis
Role of Hormones in Blood Glucose Control
Understanding Diabetes Types and Symptoms
Structure of the Excretory System
Role of the Kidney in Osmoregulation
Role of ADH in Water Balance
Role of Auxins in Phototropism
Mechanism of Phototropism
Defining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Terms
Measuring Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Using Quadrats in Fieldwork
Adaptations and Competition in Ecosystems
Role of the Sun in Energy Flow
Understanding Food Chains and Webs
Role of Decomposers in Ecosystems
Investigating Factors Affecting Decomposition
Processes in the Carbon Cycle
Processes in the Nitrogen Cycle
Active Transport in Root Hair Cells
Effects of Eutrophication on Aquatic Systems
Unit 2
Body Systems, Genetics, Microorganisms and Health
Osmosis in Plant Cells
Plasmolysis and Turgidity
The Process of Osmosis
Using a Potometer to Measure Water Uptake
Factors Affecting Transpiration
Uses of Water in Plants
Structure and Function of Blood Components
Effect of Water on Red Blood Cells
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Double Circulation in Humans
Effects of Exercise on Pulse Rate
Examining the Structure of the Heart
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Sperm Formation and Adaptations
Fertilisation and Zygote Development
Role of the Placenta in Diffusion
Functions of Amnion and Amniotic Fluid
Sex Hormones and Secondary Characteristics
Events of the Menstrual Cycle
Causes and Treatments for Infertility
Methods of Contraception and Ethical Issues
Structure of Chromosomes
Genes and Alleles
DNA Structure and Base Pairing
The Role of DNA in Protein Formation
Mitosis and Cell Cycle
Meiosis and Genetic Variation
Monohybrid Crosses and Punnett Squares
Sex Determination in Humans
Inheritance of Genetic Conditions
Ethical Issues in Genetic Screening
Genetic Engineering and Insulin Production
Continuous and Discontinuous Variation
Genetic and Environmental Basis of Variation
Natural Selection and Evolution
Selective Breeding in Plants and Animals
Definition of Health and Disease
Costs of Disease to Society
Types and Spread of Communicable Diseases
Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology
Body Defence Mechanisms Against Disease
Role of Antibiotics and Superbugs
Function and Benefits of Vaccinations
Causes of Non-Communicable Diseases
Interactions Between Disease Types
Causes and Effects of Heart Attacks and Strokes
Treatments for Cardiovascular Diseases
Cancer Types and Risk Factors
Unit 3
Structures, Trends, Chemical Reactions, and Analysis
Structure of an Atom
Relative Charges and Masses of Subatomic Particles
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Neutrality of Atoms
Calculating Subatomic Particles in Atoms and Ions
Electronic Configurations for Atoms and Ions
Definition and Identification of Isotopes
Relative Atomic Mass Calculation
Definition of a Compound
Formation of Ions
Cations and Anions
Ionic Bonding with Dot and Cross Diagrams
Properties of Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonding with Dot and Cross Diagrams
Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds
Properties of Covalent Bonds
Definition of Molecules and Diatomic Molecules
Metallic Bonding
Giant Ionic Lattices and Their Properties
Molecular Covalent Structures and Their Properties
Van der Waals Forces in Covalent Molecules
Giant Covalent Structures: Diamond and Graphite
Metallic Structures and Their Properties
Definition and Properties of Alloys
Structure and Properties of Graphene
Definition of Allotropes
Classification of Structures
Definition and Applications of Nanoparticles
Risks and Benefits of Nanoparticles in Sun Creams
Chemical Symbols and Diatomic Elements
Interpreting Chemical Formulae
Writing Chemical Formulae
Constructing Word Equations
Balancing Symbol Equations
Writing Ionic and Half Equations
State Symbols in Chemical Equations
Mendeleev's Periodic Table vs Modern Periodic Table
Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table
Properties of Metals vs Non-Metals
States of Matter in the Periodic Table
Electron Configuration and Chemical Properties in Groups
Group 1: Physical and Chemical Properties
Reactivity Trends in Group 1
Group 7: Physical and Chemical Properties
Reactivity Trends in Group 7
Testing for Chlorine Gas
Group 0: Properties and Reactivity
Transition Metals and Their Properties
Relative Formula Mass Calculation
Moles and Reacting Masses
Percentage Yield Calculation
Acids, Bases, and pH Scale
Neutralisation and Ionic Equation
Reactions of Acids with Metals, Bases, and Carbonates
Testing for Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide
Definition and Formation of Salts
Colours of Salts and Transition Metal Compounds
Purity and Melting/Boiling Points
Separating Mixtures: Techniques
Paper Chromatography and Rf Values
Flame Tests for Metal Ions
Unit 4
Further Chemical Reactions, Rates and Organic Chemistry
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Reactions of Metals with Water
Reactions of Metals with Air
Reactions of Metals with Steam
Displacement Reactions of Metals
Predicting Reactivity Using Experimental Data
Metal Extraction and Reactivity Series
Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Oxygen
Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Electrons
Rusting as a Chemical Process
Methods to Prevent Rusting
Sacrificial Protection of Iron
Extraction of Iron from Haematite
Uses of Iron in Construction
Defining Rate of Reaction
Measuring Rate of Reaction
Factors Affecting Rate: Temperature
Factors Affecting Rate: Concentration
Factors Affecting Rate: Particle Size
Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Catalysts and Their Role in Reactions
Activation Energy and Catalysts
Dynamic Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions
Le Chatelier's Principle
Factors Affecting Equilibrium Position
Temperature and Equilibrium
Pressure and Equilibrium
Concentration and Equilibrium
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons and Their Types
Alkanes: Structure and Properties
Alkenes: Structure and Properties
Reactions of Alkenes
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
Alcohols: Structure and Properties
Reactions of Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids: Structure and Properties
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Esters: Formation and Uses
Polymerisation: Addition Polymers
Polymerisation: Condensation Polymers
Environmental Impact of Polymers
Quantitative Chemistry in Organic Reactions
Calculating Moles in Organic Compounds
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Bond Energy Calculations
Gas Chemistry: Properties of Common Gases
Testing for Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide
Unit 5
Motion, Force, and Energy
Defining Speed and Velocity
Calculating Speed from Distance and Time
Understanding Acceleration
Using the Acceleration Formula
Interpreting Velocity-Time Graphs
Calculating Distance from Velocity-Time Graphs
Understanding Forces and Motion
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Calculating Force Using F=ma
Weight and Gravitational Force
Mass vs Weight
Understanding Frictional Forces
Air Resistance and Terminal Velocity
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Understanding Moments and Levers
Calculating Moments Using the Formula
Centre of Gravity and Stability
Energy Transfers and Conservation
Kinetic Energy and the Formula
Gravitational Potential Energy and the Formula
Work Done and Energy Transfer
Power and Energy Transfer Rate
Efficiency of Energy Transfers
Understanding Elastic Potential Energy
Hooke's Law and Elasticity
Density: Definition and Formula
Calculating Density of Regular Shapes
Measuring Density of Irregular Shapes
Pressure in Solids: Force and Area
Pressure in Liquids and Gases
Hydraulic Systems and Pressure
Energy Transformation Examples
Renewable vs Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Graph Axes
Exam Trap: Units in Calculations
Exam Trap: Confusing Mass and Weight
Unit 6
Kinetic Theory and Atomic Physics
Kinetic Theory Overview
States of Matter and Particle Arrangement
Brownian Motion
Diffusion in Gases and Liquids
Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Pressure in Gases
Ideal Gas Assumptions
Radioactivity Overview
Structure of the Atom
Isotopes and Stability
Alpha Radiation Properties
Beta Radiation Properties
Gamma Radiation Properties
Detecting Radiation with a Geiger-Müller Tube
Half-Life Concept
Calculating Half-Life from Data
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes in Industry
Nuclear Decay Equations
Dangers of Radiation Exposure
Nuclear Fission Overview
Chain Reactions in Fission
Energy Release in Fission
Applications of Nuclear Fission in Power Plants
Nuclear Fusion Overview
Conditions for Nuclear Fusion
Energy Release in Fusion
Comparison of Fission and Fusion
Environmental Impact of Nuclear Energy
Radioactive Waste Management
Worked Example: Calculating Pressure Changes in Gases
Worked Example: Calculating Energy in Fusion Reactions
Common Exam Trap: Misinterpretation of Half-Life Data
Common Exam Trap: Confusing Fission and Fusion Processes
Unit 7
Waves, Light, and Sound
Wave Types and Classifications
Transverse Waves Explained
Longitudinal Waves Explained
Wave Properties: Amplitude
Wave Properties: Frequency
Wave Properties: Wavelength
Wave Properties: Speed
The Wave Equation
Using the Wave Equation
Reflection of Waves
Refraction of Waves
Diffraction of Waves
Interference of Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum Overview
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
Dangers of Electromagnetic Waves
Reflection of Light: Laws
Plane Mirrors and Image Formation
Refraction of Light: Laws
Refractive Index Explained
Snell's Law Formula
Using Snell's Law
Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle and Applications
Dispersion of Light
Formation of Rainbows
Sound Waves: Properties
Sound Waves: Longitudinal Nature
Speed of Sound in Different Mediums
Pitch and Frequency Relationship
Loudness and Amplitude Relationship
Echoes and Their Applications
Ultrasound: Principles and Uses
Hearing Range in Humans and Animals
Prescribed Practical: Investigating Reflection
Prescribed Practical: Investigating Refraction
Prescribed Practical: Investigating Sound Waves
Prescribed Practical: Measuring Wave Speed
Common Exam Mistakes in Wave Calculations
Interpreting Wave Diagrams
Exam Techniques for Light and Sound Questions
Unit 8
Electricity, Magnetism, and Electromagnetism
Electric Current and Charge
Definition of Electric Current
Relationship Between Charge, Current, and Time
Measuring Current in a Circuit
Voltage and Potential Difference
Definition of Voltage
Energy Transfer in Circuits
Resistance and Ohm's Law
Definition of Resistance
Ohm's Law Formula and Application
Factors Affecting Resistance
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Power in Electrical Circuits
Calculating Power Using P=IV
Energy Transfer Using E=Pt
Electrical Safety Devices
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
Earth Wire and Insulation
Magnetism Basics
Properties of Magnets
Magnetic Fields Around Magnets
Electromagnetism Principles
Magnetic Fields Around Current-Carrying Wires
Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic Fields
Factors Affecting Electromagnetic Strength
Applications of Electromagnets
The Motor Effect
Force on Current-Carrying Wire in Magnetic Field
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
Electric Motors and Their Functioning
Electromagnetic Induction
Induced Voltage in Moving Conductors
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
Transformers and Their Uses
Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers
Efficiency of Transformers
Alternating Current and Direct Current
Characteristics of AC and DC
Advantages of AC for Power Distribution
Practical Investigations in Circuits
Measuring Resistance Using Ohm's Law
Investigating Series and Parallel Circuits
Magnetic Field Patterns Around Wires
Building and Testing Electromagnets
Examining Motor Effect Using Current and Magnets
Common Exam Mistakes in Electricity Topics
Common Exam Mistakes in Magnetism Topics
Unit 9
Space Physics
The Solar System Overview
Planets in the Solar System
Moons and Satellites
Asteroids and Comets
The Sun's Structure and Energy
The Life Cycle of Stars
Nebulae and Star Formation
Main Sequence Stars
Red Giants and Supergiants
White Dwarfs and Black Dwarfs
Supernovae and Neutron Stars
Black Holes Formation
Galaxies: Types and Features
The Milky Way Galaxy
The Big Bang Theory
Evidence for the Big Bang
Redshift and Expanding Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Gravitational Forces in Space
Orbits and Kepler's Laws
The Role of Gravity in Star Formation
Light Years and Distance Measurement
The Electromagnetic Spectrum in Space
Telescopes and Space Observation
Space Exploration Technologies
Artificial Satellites and Their Uses
Space Probes and Their Missions
The International Space Station
The Future of Space Exploration
Examining Exoplanets
Habitability in Space
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
The Role of Space Agencies
Climate Effects of Solar Activity
The Earth's Magnetic Field and Solar Wind
Auroras and Their Causes
Space Physics and Practical Applications
Common Exam Traps in Space Physics
Unit 10
Practical Skills
Understanding Scientific Variables
Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables
Formulating a Hypothesis
Planning an Experiment
Risk Assessment in Experiments
Selecting Appropriate Equipment
Using Measuring Instruments Accurately
Recording Observations and Measurements
Using Tables to Record Data
Creating Graphs from Experimental Data
Interpreting Graphs and Trends
Identifying Patterns in Data
Calculating Averages and Anomalies
Understanding Precision and Accuracy
Evaluating Experimental Results
Drawing Conclusions from Data
Understanding Sources of Error
Improving Experimental Methods
Writing a Scientific Report
Using Appropriate Scientific Terminology
Understanding Units of Measurement
Converting Between Units
Using Significant Figures
Understanding the Importance of Repeatability
Using Controls in Biological Experiments
Conducting Chemistry Titrations Safely
Measuring Rates of Reaction in Chemistry
Investigating Physics Motion Experiments
Using Light Microscopes in Biology
Testing for Starch in Biology
Investigating Photosynthesis Experimentally
Measuring pH in Chemistry Experiments
Testing for Gases in Chemistry
Using a Potometer to Measure Water Loss
Investigating Heat Energy in Physics
Investigating Effects of Temperature on Enzymes
Separating Mixtures in Chemistry
Using Chromatography for Separation
Using Flame Tests for Metal Identification
Understanding Calibration Curves
Evaluating Experimental Limitations
Understanding Ethical Considerations in Experiments
Using Scientific Models to Predict Outcomes
Understanding the Role of Peer Review in Science
Applying Mathematical Skills in Experiments
Designing Experiments for Controlled Testing
Understanding the Role of Placebos in Biological Studies